Section 1: Matter Exists in Space and Time
About Newton's Mechanics and Calculus ~ 1687
Section Advance:     2  3   4  5
1.00   Matter Exists in Space and Time Excerpt 1

Physics is learned from educators, books which describe physical reality and simple experiments. A scientific language is developed. Matter, space and time are beginning ideas.

1.01   A Basic Methodology 2
♦   Prove: (A - B)² = A² - 2AB + B² Excerpt 3

Physics uses algebra and algebra uses geometry. As a "refresher" exercise
prove: (A - B)² = A² - 2AB + B².

♦   Theorem of Pythagoras 4
♦   Eratosthanes' Experiment 5
♦   Drilling Rig Visibility 6
♦   Prove: ( -1 ) x ( -1 ) = 1 7
1.02   Position: the First Vector 8
♦   Pharaoh's Engineers Excerpt 9

The Great Pyramid of Egypt was constructed to precise proportions. A hypothesis is that the pyramid was constructed to fit inside an imaginary hemisphere with each of its corners and its peak touching the hemisphere. Suppose the hypothesis were true. Calculate the resulting angle each face would make with the horizontal plane of the desert.

  •   Extra Title I
  •   Extra Title II
♦   Vectors Contain Trigonometry 10
♦   Crank, Rod and Piston Excerpt 11

f The connected mechanical parts whereby explosive combustion becomes power of a rotating shaft are called "power trains." The simplest arrangement, crank-rod-piston, shown. Engine designers must know precicely the position and speed of the piston face for every position of the crank. The math tool, vectors, makes such tasks logically systematic.

♦   Ladder-Boom Rescue 12
♦   Dog and Pony Show 13
1.03   Basic Terms and Tools 14
1.04   Models of Reality 15
1.05   Velocity: Our First Derivative 16
1.06   Mass Equation: BODY 17
1.07   Momentum: BODY 18
1.08   Derivative of Momentum: BODY 19
1.09   About:  f = ma 20
1.10   Uniform Motion 21
1.11   Constant Momentum Motion 22
♦   Valentino's Wake 23
♦   Dog Greets Owners Excerpt 24

When detail is unavailable, approximation is required.
"A dog runs back and forth between its two owners, who are walking toward one another... What distance will the dog have traveled when the three meet?"

♦   Least Distance 1 25
♦   Least Distance 2 26
♦   Yacht and Sea Buoy 27
♦   Scissor Jack 28
♦   Train Passes Two Boys Excerpt 29

Two boys, walking beside railroad tracks heard a train approaching from behind. The older boy knew the city train speeds limit was 30 mph. He and his buddy walked about 3 feet per second. When the nose of the engine was abreast of them, the smaller boy began to count. The count, the instant the caboose passed, was, "... 34 seconds." A moment later, the older boy said, "... only about 1400 feet long."

♦   Civil War Memorial 30
1.12   Steps to Integrate 31
1.13   Measurement of μMEarth 32
1.14   Weight and Weighing 33
♦   Hand Supports a Mass 34
♦   Lunar "Carry-Off" Luggage 35
♦   Ten Pounds of Potatoes 36
1.15   Vectors: BODY 37
1.16   Notations: Position and Velocity 38
1.17   Value, Slope and Curvature 39
1.18   Differentiation: Time-Dependent Integral 40
♦   Blue Ocean Towing Excerpt 41
In the Davis Strait, a massive ice slab has cleaved from the ice-shelf and is drifting toward an oil rig. Our largest tug, (pulling constantly at 90° to the current), will drag the slab off-course so it passes abreast of the oil rig, at a distance no closer than 4000 meters. Calculate the towing force required of the tug to accomplish the task.
1.19   Gravity at Altitudes 42
♦   Projectile Arcs 43
1.20   Events in Time 44
♦   Galileo's Inclined Plane 45
♦   Acceleration Initial Condition 46
1.21   Omitted Forces 47
♦   Parachutists Drag Force 48
♦   God Lifted Earth I 49
♦   God Lifted Earth II 50
♦   Point Blank 51
♦   Shot Tower 52
1.22   Momentum Equation: BODY 53
1.23   Mom Eqn Component Form: BODY 54
♦   Geo-stationary Orbits 55
1.24   Vector Basis: Circular Motion 56
♦   Polar versus Equatorial Weight 57
♦   Lift-Off Acceleration 58
1.25   Method, System and Numbers 59
1.26   Newton's Analytic Method 60
♦   Sled Mass 61
♦   Kinematics of Bar AB 62
♦   Quick Return Mechanism 63
Section 2: Ideal Fluids
About Fluids, Pressure and Hydrostatics
Section Advance:  1     3   4  5
2.00   Ideal Fluid 64
2.01   Mass, Volume and Density 65
♦   LNG Tanker 66
♦   Sphere, Tank, and Water 67
♦   Torricelli's Barometer 68
2.02   Standard Atmosphere 69
2.03   Hydrostatic Equation 70
2.04   Hydrostatic Solutions 71
♦   Pascal's Experiment 72
♦   Density of Fluid "A" 73
♦   Air, Oil, Cable Support Rod 74
♦   Water Barometer 75
♦   Piezometer 76
♦   Manometer and Bourdon Gages 77
2.05   Classical Piston and Cylinder Excerpt 78

The idealization "ideal piston/cylinder apparatus" (is friction free and does not leak.) is useful.

2.06   Pressure in a Jet 79
2.07   Pressure Terminology 80
♦   Pressure Calculations 81
♦   Pressure of the Void 82
♦   Cave Diver 83
♦   Hurricane Wilma 84
♦   Wilma's Surge 85
♦   Off-Shore Natural Gas 86
♦   U-tube 87
♦   Bubble-Tube Depth Gage 88
♦   Monster Tires 89
♦   Floating Buoyancy 90
♦   Volume of a Sculpture 91
♦   Arctic Shelf Ice 92
2.08   Ideal Gas and its Temperature 93
♦   Using the Ideal Gas Equation 94
♦   Majic Fountain 95
♦   Casting Rail Wheels 96
♦   Professor Foghorn's Gage 97
♦   Abandoned Car 98
♦   First Equestrian Ascent 99
♦   Otto Von Guericke 100
♦   Victor Regnault 101
♦   Roof-Top Exit 102
♦   Two Tanks 103
♦   Ocean of Air 104
♦   Hand Lotion Event 105
2.09   Gas Equation Validity 106
♦   Fuel Cell Mass Proportions 107
♦   Nuclear Waste 108
♦   Concrete Mixture 109
Section 3: Work, Energy and Heat
Extensions of Newton's Ideas: Energy and Work
Section Advance:  1  2      4  5
3.00   Extrinsic Energy Equation 110
♦   Muzzle Velocity: Champagne Cork 111
♦   Ideal Bounce 112
♦   Kids Clean the Garage 113
♦   Planet Gizmo 114
♦   Slap Shot 115
♦   Bilge Pump Work 116
♦   Buoy Lift I 117
♦   Buoy Lift II 118
♦   Tank with a Movable Wall 119
3.01   Work Considerations 120
♦   Hawk's Nest 121
♦   Back Squat 122/td>
♦   Rock Climb 123
♦   Work to Draw the Castle Bridge 124
♦   Elephant Weighs Teak 125
♦   Polaris Scale Model 126
♦   Work of Aircraft Drag 127
♦   Choice of Workers: A or B 128
♦   Pushing a Crate Uphill 129
♦   Boy in a Wheelchair 130
3.02   Work as "on" or "by" 131
♦   Optimized Work 132
♦   Drunk Driving Awareness Excerpt 133

♦   Wreck at Batavia 134
♦   Rock Falls on Spring 135
3.03   System: Selection and Isolation 136
3.04   Forklift Events 137
3.08   Energy Equation: BODY 141
3.09   Internal Energy: the Particle Perspective 142
3.10   Compression Work 143
3.11   Energy: SUBSTANCE 144
♦   Batch Mix Event 145
3.12   Constant Pressure Events: IG 146
3.13   Frictionless Adiabatic Process: IG 147
3.14   About Enthalpy 148
3.15   About Entropy 149
♦   Blowgun Hunter 150
♦   Skateboard Skill 151
♦   Newman's Annihilator 152
♦   Kids on a Swing 153
♦   SCUBA Horsepower 154
♦   What is cos(θ + 60°)? 155
3.16   About Heat 156
♦   Hot, Heat, Cold... etc 157
3.17   Heat and Work Sign Conventions 158
3.18   Energy Equation I: SUBSTANCE 159
3.19   Energy Equation II: SUBSTANCE 160
3.20   Polytropic Processes: IG 161
3.21   Events of Ideal Gases 162
3.22   Rotational Kinetic Energy 163
♦   Air Pistol 164
♦   Air/Water Mortar 165
♦   Linear Elastic Substance 166
♦   Tank, Spring and Heater 167
♦   Candle Beneath a Piston 168
♦   Average Force to Brake 169
3.23   Mean Value Theorem 170
♦   Vacuum Launched Rocket 171
♦   Hot Shot 172
3.24   Simple Springs 173
♦   Bungee Jumper Excerpt 174

Design and setup of bungee jumping ropes is a "life or death" matter. Done wrong, we read about it in the newspapers. The rail of the New River Gorge Bridge passes 785 feet above the surface of the slow, trickling stream, the New River. Our jumper, a 120 pound "living-dangerous" lady, wants ropes set so at the bottom of her jump she can grab a fist of water from the river.

♦   Box moves between Two Springs 175
♦   Washer Switch 176
3.24   Complex Substances 177
3.25   Energy Rates and Power 178
♦   Elevator Speed 179
♦   Gravity Work-Rate 180
3.26   Shaft Work 181
♦   Ship's Reduction Gear 182
♦   Horsepower of an Ox 183
♦   Truck Least Horsepower 184
♦   Tank Locomotion 185
♦   Cyclist Power 186
♦   Car Drives Uphill 187
♦   18-Wheeler Safe Braking Speed 188
♦   Atwood's Machine 189
♦   Deadweight Compactors 190
♦   Pulling Sheet Piles 191
Section 4: Thermodynamic Properties
Matter is Made Quantitative by its Properties
Section Advance:  1  2   3    5
4.00   Thermodynamic Properties D0020-182
4.01   Water Phases at 1 Atmosphere D0040-183
4.02   Normal Properties of Water D0050-184
4.03   Energy Equation: Constant Pressure D0100-185
♦   Chef Thickens the Soup D0500-186
♦   When will the Teapot Whistle? D1500-187
♦   Water at One Atmosphere D2500-188
♦   Citrus Concentrate D3400-189
♦   Microwave Coffee D3800-190
♦   Grease Fire Experiment D4000-191
4.04   Steam Tables D4020-192
♦   Yardley's Extractor D4200-193
♦   Stone Boiling D5400-194
♦   Atmospheric Engine D5600-195
♦   Pressure Cooker D5800-196
♦   Emergency Power MS D6000-197
♦   Neon Signage D6200-198
♦   Leaded Pipe Joint D6800-199
♦   Specific Heat Calculation D7280-200
♦   Space Shuttle Re-entry D8000-201
♦   Copper Block Slides on Ice D8600-202
♦   Sausage Preparation D8600-203
♦   Ice versus Dry Ice Comparison D8620-204
♦   1861 - Rifle Musket D9100-205
♦   Laser Retina Surgery D9220-206

 

Section 5: Thermodynamic Analysis
Analysis Explains or Predicts Simple Events
Section Advance:  1  2   3  4
5.00   Thermodynamic Analysis E0900-207
5.01   Mass Equation E1120-208
♦   Trans Alaska Pipeline E1340-209
5.02   System Perspective E1560-210
♦   Dig Suez E1780-211
♦   Linear Valve E2000-212
5.03   Leibnitz's Calculus E2220-213
5.04   Linear Mass Equation E2440-214
♦   Pipe Pig E2660-215
♦   Boost Pump E2880-216
♦   Freeze-Dried Rattlesnakes E3100-217
♦   Civil Rights Memorial E3320-218
♦   Flow Through an Expansion E3340-219
♦   Depth of Wine E3760-220
♦   Extruded Rod E3980-221
5.05   Momentum Equation E4200-222
♦   Reaction of a Jet E4220-223
♦   Jet-Ski - Static Pull E4640-224
♦   Time to Refill the Pool E4860-225
♦   Pitot-Static Gage E5080-226
♦   Where Water Jets Collide E5300-227
♦   P-51 Mustang E5520-228
5.06  Energy Equation E5740-229
♦   Water Seeks its Level E5960-230
♦   Gear Pump E6180-231
♦   Aquarium Turbines E6460-232
♦   Not a "COOL IDEA" E6620-233
♦   Shipping Maeku E6840-234
♦   Instant Hot Water E7060-235
♦   Pipe Line Flow E7280-236
♦   Torricelli's Theorem E7500-237
♦   Scraped-Surface Heat Exchanger E7720-238
♦   Cardiac Horsepower E7940-239
♦   Heat Powered Elevator E8200-239
♦   Niagara Falls Power E9160-240
♦   Tomato Juice E9300-241
♦   ZULIA - Side Casting Dredge E9530-242
♦   Water Pumped Vertically E9740-243
♦   Light Bulb Efficiency E9980-244